There were several species of prehistoric alligators including the giant Deinosuchus, the strong, turtle-eating Brachychampsa, the oldest alligator prenasalis, and the close relative to the American alligator, Alligator mefferdi. In this article, we’ll discuss these alligators, their history, and how long alligators have been around.
The Background on Alligators: Were There Prehistoric Alligators?
The first alligator lived 245 million years ago. They were around in the Mesozoic era, in the time of the dinosaurs! Alligators are one family of animals in the order Crocodilia, which belongs to the subclass of reptiles known as Archosauria. Other Archosaurs are dinosaurs, Pterosaurs (flying reptiles), and birds. This means that alligators, along with birds, are actually the closest living relatives to dinosaurs! Alligators are very adaptive, enough so that they survived the extinction of dinosaurs—although scientists don’t know precisely how they managed this. Today, alligators look much the same as they did millions of years ago. They’re also at the top of the food chain, and humans are their only predators. However, humans have done a lot of damage to the alligator population. The Chinese alligator is nearing extinction, with a wild population of around 120. The only other extant alligator species, the American alligator, was first listed as endangered in 1967. However, the animal was able to recover in the 80s and is no longer on the endangered species list.
Deinosuchus: The Largest Alligator to Ever Live
Deinosuchus translates directly to “terrible crocodile.” Indeed, dinosaurs and other prey must’ve seen this ferocious, predatory creature as just that! 83-72 million years ago, the continent of North America was split into several islands. One of these islands, called Laramidia, was home to the Deinosuchus. Actually more similar to today’s alligators, this crocodilian reached lengths up to 36 feet (11 meters) and weighed up to 7 tons (over 15,000 pounds)! This placed them solidly at the top of the food chain as North America’s largest predator of its time. Bite marks have been found in large dinosaur fossils, suggesting it was likely capable of taking down large prey. Another indicator of this is that this alligator had large, pointed teeth and a powerful jaw. These were suited to hunting large prey and piercing through armor. A smaller Deinosuchus, or perhaps another alligator species, also lived to the east of Laramidia, on the island Appalachia. These reptiles’ bite marks have been found in turtle fossils, suggesting that they may have had a similar diet to today’s alligators (which eat fish, turtles, snakes, birds, and small mammals). It’s possible that they leaned toward eating shellfish and turtles, much like Chinese alligators of today. The reason for the Deinosuchus’ large size seems to be their life span and slow growth. Rather than rapid development, as the dinosaurs had, Deinosuchus alligators developed at a leisurely pace. They also had slow metabolisms, which allowed them to go longer without eating than creatures with faster digestive systems. This also allowed them to live longer, and they likely lived an average of around 50 years—the same as alligators of today!
Other Prehistoric Alligators
Prehistoric crocodilians (alligators and crocodiles) had a variety of body shapes that we no longer see today. They also behaved slightly differently. Some were land-dwellers, others sea creatures, while some could both swim and walk on land. However, alligator ancestors are still quite recognizable to us, appearing very similar back then to the way they are now.
Brachychampsa
Brachychampsa lived near the time the dinosaurs went extinct. Evidence of their survival exists both millions of years before and millions of years afterward, meaning that they survived what the dinosaurs couldn’t. We can’t be sure why, although we do know that alligators are very adaptive animals. We also know that they have slow metabolisms that allow them to go longer without food than dinosaurs would’ve been able—although birds, another animal to make it through the extinction, have very fast metabolisms as well. Brachychampsa had rounded teeth. These were used to break open shells, and it’s thought that turtles were their main source of food. Whether this animal was more closely related to alligators or crocodiles has been debated, although it is currently listed as an alligator species.
Mefferdi
Alligator mefferdi is the closest extinct relative to the American alligator we know today. Differences include a shorter snout and a slightly different skull. However, they are so similar that there is debate about whether or not they’re simply still American alligators!
Prenasalis
Alligator prenasalis is the oldest known Alligator to ever exist! Many fossils have been found, and this creature seems to have existed primarily in South Dakota.
Following the Fossil Trail
Obviously, scientists can place these ancient ancestors according to where the fossils have been found. In North America, it’s no surprise that much of the alligator fossils have been found in Florida, where they are most abundant today. The fossils appear most often in fresh-water habitats, where other animals typical of those areas also lived such as aquatic turtles, water fowl, and amphibians. Some alligator fossils have been found in dry areas, as they can travel on land, but that is less typical. Ancestors of caiman alligators, typical to South America, have been unearthed. And the oldest recorded fossil of a Chinese alligator was found in Japan, dated from the late Pliocene period, about 3 million years ago.
Alligators Today
There are two species of alligators living today: the American alligator and the Chinese alligator. As the names imply, the American alligator lives on the continents of North, South, and Central America. The Chinese alligator lives in China, residing in the basin of the Yangtze River. The two have a few primary differences aside from their habitats:
American alligators are much larger than Chinese alligators. Chinese alligators measure at around 5 feet (1.5 meters), while American alligators grow over 11 feet (3.3 meters) long.Chinese alligators have pointier snouts. They also point upward, while American alligators’ snouts are flatter in appearance.Chinese alligators have blunt teeth specialized to eat shelled animals. While American alligators also eat animals such as turtles, their teeth are sharper.Chinese alligators have armor all over their bodies. American alligators lack armor on their undersides.
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